**電腦無法理解語言 - 它們只能理解數字。 ** 從聊天機器人到 GPT-4 的每一步都圍繞著一個問題:*如何將文字轉換為數字,同時仍保留意義? * 本文將帶您完成整個旅程:從標記化、單字嵌入到 Transformer 架構 - 每個現代 LLM 的「心臟」。
1. NLP 的演進-四個時代
NLP經歷了四個主要階段。了解歷史可以幫助您了解 Transformer 獲勝的原因,而不僅僅是它如何工作。
Timeline NLP Evolution:
1950s-1990s 1990s-2010s 2013-2017 2017-nay
┌──────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────────┐
│ Rule-based│────▶│ Statistical │───▶│ Neural │───▶│ Transformer │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│ Regex │ │ N-gram, TF-IDF│ │ Word2Vec │ │ Attention is │
│ Grammar │ │ Naive Bayes │ │ LSTM, GRU │ │ All You Need │
│ Templates │ │ HMM, CRF │ │ Seq2Seq+Attn │ │ BERT, GPT, T5 │
└──────────┘ └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ └──────────────────┘
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼
Brittle, Better but Good nhưng Parallel training,
không scale cần nhiều sequential = chậm contextual, SOTA
feature eng. vanishing gradient mọi NLP task
| 時代 | 代表 | 優勢 | 限制 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 基於規則 | 正規表示式,伊莉莎 | 確定性、易於調試 | 無水垢,易碎 |
| 統計 | TF-IDF + 樸素貝葉斯,HMM | 從資料、機率學習 | 手動特徵工程 |
| 神經 | Word2Vec、LSTM、Seq2Seq | 自學特徵、稠密向量 | 順序→緩慢,遠端困難 |
| 變壓器 | BERT、GPT、T5 | 並行、深度上下文、可擴展 | 巨大的計算成本 |
關鍵見解: Transformer 解決了 RNN 的兩個最大問題:(1) 順序瓶頸 - 無法並行化,(2) 梯度消失 - 難以記住長程依賴關係。
2. 文字預處理-資料清洗
在標記化之前,需要對文字進行標準化。垃圾輸入=垃圾輸出。
2.1。基本管道
import re
import unicodedata
def preprocess_text(text: str) -> str:
"""Basic NLP preprocessing pipeline."""
# 1. Lowercase
text = text.lower()
# 2. Unicode normalization (é → e, ñ → n cho Latin)
text = unicodedata.normalize("NFKD", text)
# 3. Xóa HTML tags
text = re.sub(r"<[^>]+>", "", text)
# 4. Xóa URLs
text = re.sub(r"https?://\S+|www\.\S+", "", text)
# 5. Xóa special characters (giữ alphanumeric + space)
text = re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9\s]", "", text)
# 6. Xóa extra whitespace
text = re.sub(r"\s+", " ", text).strip()
return text
# Demo
raw = " Check out https://blog.xdev.asia! It's <b>AMAZING</b>... 🚀 "
print(preprocess_text(raw))
# Output: "check out its amazing"
2.2。停用詞刪除
停用字是出現很多但意義不大的字:「the」、「is」、「at」、「and」…
# Cách 1: NLTK (nặng, 70+ languages)
# import nltk; nltk.download('stopwords')
# from nltk.corpus import stopwords
# stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))
# Cách 2: Tự định nghĩa (nhẹ, kiểm soát)
STOP_WORDS = {"the", "is", "at", "and", "a", "an", "in", "on", "to", "of", "it"}
def remove_stopwords(text: str) -> str:
return " ".join(w for w in text.split() if w not in STOP_WORDS)
print(remove_stopwords("the cat is on the mat"))
# Output: "cat mat"
**實用注意事項:**對於現代法學碩士(BERT、GPT),不要刪除停用詞 - 模型需要它們來理解上下文。停用詞刪除僅對 TF-IDF、詞袋有用。
3. 代幣化深入研究
標記化 = 將文字分割為小單元(標記)。這是最重要的步驟 - 決定詞彙量大小、OOV 處理和模型品質。
3.1。標記化的四個級別
Input: "unhappiness"
Character-level: [u] [n] [h] [a] [p] [p] [i] [n] [e] [s] [s] → Vocab nhỏ, sequence dài
Word-level: [unhappiness] → OOV problem, vocab lớn
Subword-level: [un] [happi] [ness] → Balanced ✓
Sentence-level: [unhappiness is real] → Dùng cho translation
3.2。子詞標記化-詳細比較
這是每個現代法學碩士都使用的技術。想法:常用詞不變,生僻詞分。
| 演算法 | 使用者 | 方法 | 特點 |
|---|---|---|---|
| BPE(位元組對編碼) | GPT-2、GPT-3、GPT-4、LLaMA | 由下而上:合併頻繁對 | 貪婪、簡單、有效 |
| WordPiece | BERT、DistilBERT | 由下而上:最大化合併可能性 | 使用 ## 子詞的前綴 |
| 一元字 | T5、阿爾伯特、XLNet | 由上而下:刪除最不有用的標記 | 機率,選擇最佳分割 |
| 句子 | T5、mBART、駱駝 | 包裝:原始文本上的 BPE/Unigram | 與語言無關,無需預標記 |
BPE Algorithm (simplified):
Corpus: "low low low low low lowest lowest newer newer newer wider wider"
Step 0 - Character vocab: {l, o, w, e, s, t, n, r, i, d, _}
Step 1 - Count pairs: (l,o)=7 (o,w)=7 (w,e)=5 (e,r)=5 ...
Step 2 - Merge top pair: (l,o) → "lo" Vocab: {..., lo}
Step 3 - Count again: (lo,w)=7 (w,e)=5 ...
Step 4 - Merge: (lo,w) → "low" Vocab: {..., lo, low}
... repeat N times (N = desired vocab size - initial chars)
3.3。使用 tiktoken(GPT 分詞器)進行練習
import tiktoken
# GPT-4 dùng cl100k_base encoding
enc = tiktoken.encoding_for_model("gpt-4")
text = "Transformers revolutionized NLP in 2017!"
tokens = enc.encode(text)
print(f"Text: {text}")
print(f"Token IDs: {tokens}")
print(f"Num tokens: {len(tokens)}")
# Decode từng token để thấy subwords
for tid in tokens:
print(f" {tid} → '{enc.decode([tid])}'")
# Output:
# Text: Transformers revolutionized NLP in 2017!
# Token IDs: [Transformers, revolution, ized, NLP, in, 2017, !]
# Num tokens: 7
# So sánh token count giữa các encoding
for model_name in ["gpt-3.5-turbo", "gpt-4", "gpt-4o"]:
enc = tiktoken.encoding_for_model(model_name)
n = len(enc.encode(text))
print(f"{model_name:20s} → {n} tokens (encoding: {enc.name})")
# Ước lượng nhanh: 1 token ≈ 4 chars (English), ≈ 0.7 words
# Tiếng Việt: 1 token ≈ 2-3 chars (vì Unicode)
3.4。擁抱臉部標記器
from transformers import AutoTokenizer
# BERT tokenizer (WordPiece)
bert_tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
result = bert_tok("unhappiness is everywhere", return_tensors="pt")
print(bert_tok.convert_ids_to_tokens(result["input_ids"][0]))
# ['[CLS]', 'un', '##happi', '##ness', 'is', 'everywhere', '[SEP]']
# GPT-2 tokenizer (BPE)
gpt2_tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("gpt2")
tokens = gpt2_tok.tokenize("unhappiness is everywhere")
print(tokens)
# ['un', 'happiness', 'Ġis', 'Ġeverywhere'] (Ġ = space prefix)
關鍵見解: BERT 用途
[CLS],[SEP]特殊代幣和##子詞前綴。使用GPT-2Ġ(空格)前綴。了解每個模型在微調時至關重要的約定。
4. 字詞嵌入-將字轉換為向量
4.1。為什麼我們需要嵌入?
One-hot 編碼 將每個單字轉換為稀疏向量。對於 50K 單字詞彙,每個單字都是 50K 維向量,其中恰好有 1 個值 = 1。 問題:
- 稀疏:浪費內存
- 沒有相似之處:
cosine("king", "queen") = 0(正交) - 無尺度:詞彙量大→維度大
詞嵌入可以處理這一切:密集向量、相同的固定維度(通常為 100-300d)以及編碼語義相似性。
One-hot (sparse, 10000-dim):
"king" = [0, 0, 0, ..., 1, ..., 0, 0]
"queen" = [0, 0, 1, ..., 0, ..., 0, 0]
cosine similarity = 0 ← không hữu ích
Word2Vec (dense, 300-dim):
"king" = [0.52, -0.31, 0.15, ..., 0.89]
"queen" = [0.48, -0.29, 0.18, ..., 0.91]
cosine similarity = 0.78 ← captures semantics!
vector("king") - vector("man") + vector("woman") ≈ vector("queen")
4.2。 Word2Vec — 兩種架構
CBOW (Continuous Bag of Words):
Context → Predict center word
"The cat [___] on the mat"
Input: [the, cat, on, the, mat] → Output: "sat"
Nhanh hơn, tốt cho frequent words
Skip-gram:
Center word → Predict context
"sat" → Predict: [the, cat, on, the, mat]
Chậm hơn, tốt cho rare words, small datasets
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ CBOW vs Skip-gram │
│ │
│ CBOW: Skip-gram: │
│ [the]──┐ ┌──▶[the] │
│ [cat]──┤ ┌─────┐ │ ┌─────┐ │
│ ├───▶│ sat │ │ │ │──▶[cat] │
│ [on]───┤ └─────┘ │ │ sat │ │
│ [the]──┤ │ │ │──▶[on] │
│ [mat]──┘ │ └─────┘ │
│ └──▶[mat] │
│ Context → Word Word → Context │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
4.3。使用 Gensim 練習 Word2Vec 和 GloVe
import gensim.downloader as api
import numpy as np
# Download pretrained Word2Vec (1.7GB) hoặc GloVe (nhẹ hơn)
# model = api.load("word2vec-google-news-300") # Word2Vec 300d
model = api.load("glove-wiki-gigaword-100") # GloVe 100d (nhẹ hơn)
# 1. Similarity
print(model.most_similar("king", topn=5))
# [('queen', 0.72), ('prince', 0.68), ('monarch', 0.66), ...]
# 2. Analogy: king - man + woman = ?
result = model.most_similar(
positive=["king", "woman"],
negative=["man"],
topn=3
)
print(result) # [('queen', 0.73), ...]
# 3. Odd one out
print(model.doesnt_match(["breakfast", "lunch", "dinner", "python"]))
# 'python'
# 4. Cosine similarity giữa hai từ
from numpy.linalg import norm
def cosine_sim(a, b):
return np.dot(a, b) / (norm(a) * norm(b))
v_king = model["king"]
v_queen = model["queen"]
v_apple = model["apple"]
print(f"king ↔ queen: {cosine_sim(v_king, v_queen):.3f}") # ~0.72
print(f"king ↔ apple: {cosine_sim(v_king, v_apple):.3f}") # ~0.15
4.4。 GloVe 與 Word2Vec
| 標準 | Word2Vec | 手套 |
|---|---|---|
| 方法 | 預測(神經網路) | 基於計數(共現矩陣) |
| 培訓 | 本地情境視窗 | 全球統計 |
| 列車速度 | 慢一點 | 更快(矩陣分解) |
| 結果 | 適合類比 | 有利於相似性 |
| 預訓練 | Google新聞 300d | 維基百科+Gigaword |
靜態嵌入的一般限制: 每個單字只有 一個向量,無論上下文如何。 「bank」和「bank」有相同的向量 → 無多義性。這就是上下文嵌入的動機。
5. 上下文嵌入-ELMo 到 BERT
5.1。演化:靜態→情境
Static Embeddings (Word2Vec, GloVe):
"I went to the bank to deposit money" bank = vector_A
"I sat by the river bank" bank = vector_A ← SAME! sai
Contextual Embeddings (ELMo, BERT):
"I went to the bank to deposit money" bank = vector_X (financial)
"I sat by the river bank" bank = vector_Y (river) ← DIFFERENT! đúng
| 型號 | 年份 | 如何創建上下文 | 建築 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ELMo | 2018 | 雙向 LSTM | 2 層 biLSTM,字元 CNN |
| 伯特 | 2018 | 遮罩語言模型 | 變壓器編碼器 |
| GPT | 2018 | 自回歸 LM | 變壓器解碼器 |
5.2。 ELMo — 語言模型的嵌入
ELMo 運行 2 個 LSTM(前向 + 後向),然後將所有層組合到最終嵌入中。每層捕獲不同的資訊:
- 第 1 層:語法(POS 標記、NER)
- 第 2 層:語意(字義、情感)
Forward LSTM ────────▶
Input: "The cat sat on the mat"
◀──────── Backward LSTM
Final embedding = weighted sum of all layers
**為什麼 BERT 擊敗 ELMo? ** ELMo 仍然使用 LSTM → 順序的,而不是並行的。 BERT 使用 Transformer → 並行訓練,透過自我注意更深層的脈絡。
6. Transformer 架構 — 深入探討
「Attention Is All You Need」(Vaswani 等人,2017)—改變 NLP 和 AI 的論文。沒有 LSTM,沒有 CNN——只有 Attention。
6.1。架構概覽
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ TRANSFORMER │
│ │
│ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────────┐ │
│ │ ENCODER │ │ DECODER │ │
│ │ (×N layers) │ │ (×N layers) │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ ┌───────────┐ │ │ ┌──────────────┐ │ │
│ │ │ Multi-Head│ │ K,V │ │ Masked │ │ │
│ │ │ Self-Attn │ │──────────────│▶│ Multi-Head │ │ │
│ │ └─────┬─────┘ │ │ │ Self-Attn │ │ │
│ │ Add & Norm │ │ └──────┬───────┘ │ │
│ │ ┌───────────┐ │ │ Add & Norm │ │
│ │ │ Feed- │ │ │ ┌──────────────┐ │ │
│ │ │ Forward │ │ │ │ Cross-Attn │ │ │
│ │ └─────┬─────┘ │ │ │ (Enc-Dec) │ │ │
│ │ Add & Norm │ │ └──────┬───────┘ │ │
│ └───────┬──────┘ │ Add & Norm │ │
│ │ │ ┌──────────────┐ │ │
│ │ │ │ Feed-Forward │ │ │
│ │ │ └──────┬───────┘ │ │
│ │ │ Add & Norm │ │
│ │ └──────────────────┘ │
│ Input Embeddings Output Embeddings │
│ + Positional Enc. + Positional Enc. │
│ ▲ ▲ │
│ [Input tokens] [Output tokens] │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
6.2。自註意力機制-一步一步
自註意允許每個令牌**「查看」序列中的所有其他令牌,以決定參加**的位置。
三個矩陣:查詢(Q)、鍵(K)、值(V)
直覺:想像一下你正在圖書館找一本書。
- 查詢 = 你的問題(「AI 書」)
- 鑰匙 = 每個架子上的標籤(「AI」、「歷史」、「烹飪」)
- 價值 = 該書架上書籍的內容
Attention(Q, K, V) = softmax(Q × K^T / √d_k) × V
Trong đó:
Q × K^T → attention scores (ai liên quan ai?)
/ √d_k → scaling (tránh softmax saturation)
softmax() → normalize thành probabilities
× V → weighted sum of values
6.3。 Self-Attention-手動範例
import torch
import torch.nn.functional as F
# Input: 3 tokens, embedding dim = 4
# "The cat sat"
X = torch.tensor([
[1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0], # "The"
[0.0, 2.0, 0.0, 2.0], # "cat"
[1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0], # "sat"
])
# Weight matrices (learned parameters)
d_k = 4 # key dimension
W_Q = torch.randn(4, d_k)
W_K = torch.randn(4, d_k)
W_V = torch.randn(4, d_k)
# Step 1: Compute Q, K, V
Q = X @ W_Q # (3, 4) @ (4, 4) = (3, 4)
K = X @ W_K
V = X @ W_V
# Step 2: Attention scores = Q × K^T / √d_k
scores = Q @ K.T / (d_k ** 0.5) # (3, 3)
print("Raw attention scores:")
print(scores)
# Step 3: Softmax → probabilities
attn_weights = F.softmax(scores, dim=-1) # (3, 3) — mỗi hàng sum = 1
print("\nAttention weights:")
print(attn_weights)
# Hàng 0 = "The" attend bao nhiêu vào [The, cat, sat]
# Hàng 1 = "cat" attend bao nhiêu vào [The, cat, sat]
# Step 4: Weighted sum of Values
output = attn_weights @ V # (3, 3) @ (3, 4) = (3, 4)
print("\nContextualized output:")
print(output)
# Mỗi token giờ là weighted combination of ALL tokens
6.4。多頭注意力-為什麼我們需要多頭?
注意力頭只學習一種類型的關係。多個頭同時學習多種類型:
Head 1: Syntactic relationships ("cat" → "sat" — subject-verb)
Head 2: Semantic similarity ("cat" → "dog" — meaning)
Head 3: Positional/proximity ("the" → "cat" — adjacency)
Head 4: Coreference ("it" → "cat" — refers to)
MultiHead(Q,K,V) = Concat(head_1, ..., head_h) × W_O
Mỗi head_i = Attention(Q × W_Q_i, K × W_K_i, V × W_V_i)
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
class MultiHeadAttention(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, d_model: int, num_heads: int):
super().__init__()
assert d_model % num_heads == 0
self.d_k = d_model // num_heads
self.num_heads = num_heads
self.W_Q = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model)
self.W_K = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model)
self.W_V = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model)
self.W_O = nn.Linear(d_model, d_model)
def forward(self, Q, K, V, mask=None):
batch_size = Q.size(0)
# Linear projections + split into heads
# (batch, seq_len, d_model) → (batch, num_heads, seq_len, d_k)
Q = self.W_Q(Q).view(batch_size, -1, self.num_heads, self.d_k).transpose(1, 2)
K = self.W_K(K).view(batch_size, -1, self.num_heads, self.d_k).transpose(1, 2)
V = self.W_V(V).view(batch_size, -1, self.num_heads, self.d_k).transpose(1, 2)
# Scaled dot-product attention
scores = Q @ K.transpose(-2, -1) / (self.d_k ** 0.5)
if mask is not None:
scores = scores.masked_fill(mask == 0, float("-inf"))
attn_weights = torch.softmax(scores, dim=-1)
context = attn_weights @ V
# Concat heads + output projection
context = context.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(batch_size, -1, self.num_heads * self.d_k)
return self.W_O(context)
# Demo
mha = MultiHeadAttention(d_model=512, num_heads=8)
x = torch.randn(2, 10, 512) # batch=2, seq_len=10, d_model=512
out = mha(x, x, x) # self-attention: Q=K=V=x
print(out.shape) # torch.Size([2, 10, 512])
6.5。位置編碼-位置很重要
Transformer 進程並行 → 不知道 token 的順序。需要更多位置資訊。
正弦編碼(原文):
PE(pos, 2i) = sin(pos / 10000^(2i/d_model))
PE(pos, 2i+1) = cos(pos / 10000^(2i/d_model))
pos = vị trí token (0, 1, 2, ...)
i = dimension index
import torch
import math
def sinusoidal_positional_encoding(max_len: int, d_model: int) -> torch.Tensor:
"""Generate sinusoidal positional encodings."""
pe = torch.zeros(max_len, d_model)
position = torch.arange(0, max_len).unsqueeze(1).float()
div_term = torch.exp(
torch.arange(0, d_model, 2).float() * -(math.log(10000.0) / d_model)
)
pe[:, 0::2] = torch.sin(position * div_term) # even dimensions
pe[:, 1::2] = torch.cos(position * div_term) # odd dimensions
return pe
pe = sinusoidal_positional_encoding(max_len=100, d_model=512)
print(pe.shape) # (100, 512)
# pe[0] = encoding cho position 0
# pe[1] = encoding cho position 1, ...
| PE風格 | 使用者 | 特點 |
|---|---|---|
| 正弦(固定) | 原始變形金剛 | 確定性,外推到更長的 seq |
| 學到了 | BERT、GPT-2 | 可訓練參數,實踐中更好 |
| 繩索(旋轉式) | LLaMA,GPT-NeoX | 編碼相對位置,縮放良好 |
| 阿里比 | 綻放 | 依距離偏差注意力分數 |
6.6。前饋網路 (FFN)
每層都有一個 position-wise FFN — 所有位置的架構相同,但層之間的參數不同:
FFN(x) = max(0, x × W₁ + b₁) × W₂ + b₂
Thường: d_model=512, d_ff=2048 (4× expansion)
x ──▶ [Linear 512→2048] ──▶ [ReLU/GELU] ──▶ [Linear 2048→512] ──▶ output
FFN 扮演「記憶」的角色——將事實知識儲存在權重中。這就是 LLM「知道」該事件的原因:知識位於 FFN 層中。
6.7。層歸一化+殘差連接
有兩種技術有助於穩定地訓練深度網路:
Residual Connection:
output = LayerNorm(x + Sublayer(x))
Tức là: output gốc + transformation → gradient flow tốt hơn
┌──────────┐
│ Input x │──────────────────────┐
└─────┬─────┘ │ (skip connection)
▼ │
┌──────────────┐ │
│ Sublayer │ │
│ (Attention / │ │
│ FFN) │ │
└─────┬────────┘ │
▼ ▼
┌──────────────────────────────────┐
│ Add (x + sublayer(x)) │
└─────────────┬────────────────────┘
▼
┌──────────────────────────────────┐
│ Layer Normalization │
└──────────────────────────────────┘
Layer Norm 跨特徵標準化(不像 Batch Norm 那樣跨批次):
- 適用於可變長度序列
- 不依賴批次大小
- Transformer 更穩定
6.8。編碼器與解碼器堆疊
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ ENCODER (×N) DECODER (×N) │
│ ┌──────────────────┐ ┌────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ Self-Attention │ │ Masked Self-Attention │ │
│ │ (bidirectional) │ │ (causal — chỉ nhìn trái)│ │
│ │ Add & Norm │ │ Add & Norm │ │
│ │ │ K,V │ │ │
│ │ FFN │──────────▶│ Cross-Attention │ │
│ │ Add & Norm │ │ (attend to encoder) │ │
│ └──────────────────┘ │ Add & Norm │ │
│ │ │ │
│ │ FFN │ │
│ │ Add & Norm │ │
│ └────────────────────────┘ │
│ │
│ Encoder nhìn TOÀN BỘ input Decoder nhìn LEFT-only │
│ → tốt cho understanding → tốt cho generation │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
解碼器中的 Masked Self-Attention:在位置產生代幣時 t,該模型僅查看令牌 0..t-1 (看不到未來→因果面具)。
7.注意力視覺化
# Visualize attention weights bằng BertViz
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel
import torch
model_name = "bert-base-uncased"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained(model_name, output_attentions=True)
text = "The cat sat on the mat because it was tired"
inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt")
with torch.no_grad():
outputs = model(**inputs)
# outputs.attentions = tuple of (batch, num_heads, seq_len, seq_len) per layer
attentions = outputs.attentions # 12 layers × 12 heads
print(f"Layers: {len(attentions)}")
print(f"Shape per layer: {attentions[0].shape}")
# torch.Size([1, 12, 12, 12]) → batch=1, heads=12, seq=12, seq=12
# Xem head 10, layer 11 — thường capture coreference
layer_idx, head_idx = 11, 10
attn = attentions[layer_idx][0, head_idx] # (seq_len, seq_len)
tokens = tokenizer.convert_ids_to_tokens(inputs["input_ids"][0])
print(f"\nTokens: {tokens}")
print(f"\nAttention from 'it' (position 8):")
for i, (tok, score) in enumerate(zip(tokens, attn[8])):
bar = "█" * int(score * 50)
print(f" {tok:12s} {score:.3f} {bar}")
# Expect: "it" attends strongly to "cat" → coreference resolution
Expected output (simplified):
[CLS] 0.02
the 0.05
cat 0.41 ████████████████████
sat 0.08 ████
on 0.03 █
the 0.04 ██
mat 0.06 ███
because 0.12 ██████
it 0.15 ███████
was 0.02 █
tired 0.01
[SEP] 0.01
→ "it" attends most to "cat" = model learned coreference!
8. 抱臉變形金剛-實戰利品
8.1。 Pipeline API — 最快上手
from transformers import pipeline
# Sentiment Analysis
classifier = pipeline("sentiment-analysis")
print(classifier("I love learning about Transformers!"))
# [{'label': 'POSITIVE', 'score': 0.9998}]
# Named Entity Recognition
ner = pipeline("ner", grouped_entities=True)
print(ner("Hugging Face is based in New York City"))
# [{'entity_group': 'ORG', 'word': 'Hugging Face', 'score': 0.99},
# {'entity_group': 'LOC', 'word': 'New York City', 'score': 0.99}]
# Text Generation
generator = pipeline("text-generation", model="gpt2")
print(generator("Transformers are", max_length=30, num_return_sequences=1))
# Question Answering
qa = pipeline("question-answering")
result = qa(
question="What is the capital of France?",
context="France is a country in Europe. Its capital is Paris."
)
print(result)
# {'answer': 'Paris', 'score': 0.99, 'start': 52, 'end': 57}
8.2。 AutoModel + AutoTokenizer — 精細控制
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSequenceClassification
import torch
model_name = "distilbert-base-uncased-finetuned-sst-2-english"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(model_name)
# Tokenize
text = "This course on Transformers is incredibly helpful!"
inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt", padding=True, truncation=True)
print(inputs.keys()) # dict_keys(['input_ids', 'attention_mask'])
print(f"input_ids shape: {inputs['input_ids'].shape}")
# Inference
with torch.no_grad():
outputs = model(**inputs)
logits = outputs.logits
probs = torch.softmax(logits, dim=-1)
labels = ["NEGATIVE", "POSITIVE"]
pred = labels[probs.argmax()]
conf = probs.max().item()
print(f"Prediction: {pred} ({conf:.2%})")
# Prediction: POSITIVE (99.97%)
8.3。嵌入提取
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel
import torch
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("bert-base-uncased")
sentences = [
"The bank approved my loan.",
"I sat by the river bank.",
"The financial institution helped me."
]
embeddings = []
for sent in sentences:
inputs = tokenizer(sent, return_tensors="pt", padding=True, truncation=True)
with torch.no_grad():
outputs = model(**inputs)
# Mean pooling: average over token embeddings (exclude [CLS], [SEP])
mask = inputs["attention_mask"].unsqueeze(-1)
emb = (outputs.last_hidden_state * mask).sum(dim=1) / mask.sum(dim=1)
embeddings.append(emb.squeeze())
# Cosine similarity
from torch.nn.functional import cosine_similarity
print(f"bank(financial) ↔ bank(river): {cosine_similarity(embeddings[0], embeddings[1], dim=0):.3f}")
print(f"bank(financial) ↔ financial inst.: {cosine_similarity(embeddings[0], embeddings[2], dim=0):.3f}")
# bank(financial) ↔ bank(river): 0.82
# bank(financial) ↔ financial inst.: 0.92 ← higher! context matters
關鍵要點: BERT 嵌入是 上下文相關的 — 相同的單字“bank”,但根據上下文不同的向量。與 Word2Vec/GloVe 相比,這很強大。
9. BERT 與 GPT — 僅編碼器與僅解碼器
這是當前法學碩士領域最重要的架構問題。
ENCODER-ONLY (BERT): DECODER-ONLY (GPT):
[CLS] The cat sat [SEP] The → cat → sat → on → ...
Nhìn TOÀN BỘ sequence Chỉ nhìn LEFT context
(bidirectional attention) (causal/autoregressive)
Training: Masked LM Training: Next-token prediction
"The [MASK] sat on the mat" P(next | previous tokens)
→ predict "cat" "The cat" → "sat"
ENCODER-DECODER (T5, BART):
Encoder: bidirectional (input)
Decoder: autoregressive (output)
Tốt cho translation, summarization
| 標準 | BERT(編碼器) | GPT(解碼器) | T5(Enc-Dec) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 注意 | 雙向 | 因果(僅左) | 雙 (enc) + 因果 (dec) |
| 預訓練 | 蒙版LM + NSP | 下一個代幣預測 | 跨越腐敗 |
| 最適合 | 分類、NER、QA | 文字產生、聊天 | 翻譯、摘要 |
| 背景 | 理解完整的上下文 | 生成流暢 | 兩者 |
| 型號 | 伯特、羅伯塔、德伯特 | GPT-2/3/4、LLaMA、米斯特拉爾 | T5、BART、Flan-T5 |
| 參數大小 | 110M - 340M | 124M - 1.8T | 60M - 11B |
Task Selection Guide:
Need to UNDERSTAND text? → BERT-family (encoder)
├─ Sentiment analysis
├─ Named Entity Recognition
├─ Question Answering (extractive)
└─ Text Classification
Need to GENERATE text? → GPT-family (decoder)
├─ Chatbot / Dialog
├─ Code generation
├─ Creative writing
└─ Instruction following
Need both UNDERSTAND + GENERATE? → T5-family (encoder-decoder)
├─ Translation
├─ Summarization
└─ Question Answering (abstractive)
2024-2025 年趨勢: 僅解碼器(GPT 架構)由於更好的擴展性而佔據主導地位 - GPT-4、Claude、LLaMA、Mistral 都是僅解碼器。 BERT 系列仍然是小型嵌入/分類任務的王者。
10. 綜合備忘單
| 組件 | 公式/意義 |
|---|---|
| 代幣化 | 文本 → 令牌 ID (BPE/WordPiece/Unigram) |
| 嵌入 | token_id → 密集向量(學習的查找表) |
| 位置編碼 | PE = sin/cos 函數編碼位置 |
| 自我關注 | softmax(QK^T / √d_k) × V |
| 多頭 | Concat(head_1..h) × W_O,每個頭 = Attention(QW_Q, KW_K, VW_V) |
| FFN | max(0, xW₁+b₁)W2+b2 — 依地點儲存知識 |
| 殘差 + LayerNorm | 輸出 = LN(x + Sublayer(x)) — 穩定性訓練 |
| 編碼器 | 雙向自註意力 → 理解 |
| 解碼器 | 因果掩蓋注意力 → 生成 |
| 伯特 | 僅限編碼器、MLM、雙向 |
| GPT | 僅解碼器、下一個令牌、自回歸 |
總結
本文涵蓋了現代 NLP 的整個基礎:
- Tokenization 將文字轉換為數字-BPE (GPT)、WordPiece (BERT) 是兩個主要標準
- 靜態嵌入(Word2Vec、GloVe)為每個單字提供一個固定向量 - 無多義處理
- 上下文嵌入(BERT、GPT)根據上下文為同一個單字創建不同的向量
- Transformer = Self-Attention + FFN + Residual + LayerNorm — 並行、可擴展、強大
- 自我注意力(Q、K、V)是核心機制-允許每個代幣關注所有其他代幣
- 多頭注意力同時學習多種類型的關係
- Hugging Face 生態系統是使用預訓練模型的第一大工具
下一課(第 5 課): 我們將深入研究 大型語言模型 - GPT 系列、LLaMA、Mistral。它們是如何預先訓練、指令調整和 RLHF 的。這就是 Transformer 理論成為實際產品的地方。
練習
練習 1:分詞器比較(30 分鐘)
寫一個腳本來比較上述 3 個分詞器的 5 個句子(混合英語 + 越南語):
# So sánh tiktoken (GPT-4), BERT tokenizer, GPT-2 tokenizer
# Với mỗi câu, in ra:
# - Số tokens
# - Danh sách tokens
# - Tỷ lệ tokens/words
sentences = [
"Transformers revolutionized natural language processing.",
"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.",
"Xin chào, tôi đang học AI Agent Engineering.",
"pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis",
"🚀 AI is amazing! #NLP @huggingface",
]
練習 2:從頭開始自我專注(45 分鐘)
實施 SingleHeadAttention 完整課程:
class SingleHeadAttention(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, d_model, d_k):
# TODO: W_Q, W_K, W_V matrices
pass
def forward(self, x, mask=None):
# TODO: Q, K, V projections
# TODO: Scaled dot-product attention
# TODO: Apply mask (nếu có)
# TODO: Return attention output + attention weights
pass
# Test: verify output shape, attention weights sum to 1
# Bonus: implement causal mask cho decoder
練習 3:語意搜尋迷你項目(60 分鐘)
使用 Hugging Face 建立一個簡單的語意搜尋引擎:
# 1. Load sentence-transformers model
# 2. Encode 20 documents thành embeddings
# 3. Implement cosine similarity search
# 4. Input query → return top-5 relevant documents
# Documents (dùng bất kỳ domain nào: tech, medical, legal...)
# Bonus: thêm TF-IDF baseline để so sánh chất lượng
練習 4:變壓器塊(45 分鐘)
實作一個完整的 Transformer 編碼器區塊,包括:
- 多頭注意力(使用課程中的程式碼或編寫自己的程式碼)
- 前饋網絡
- 剩餘連接+層歸一化
class TransformerEncoderBlock(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, d_model, num_heads, d_ff, dropout=0.1):
# TODO
pass
def forward(self, x, mask=None):
# TODO: Self-attention → Add & Norm → FFN → Add & Norm
pass
# Test: stack 6 blocks, verify gradient flow