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Tại sao Rust? Zero-cost abstractions, memory safety without GC. So sánh Rust vs Go vs C++ vs Zig. Cài đặt rustup, cargo, rust-analyzer. Hello World, cargo project structure.

Rust: Từ Cơ bản đến Nâng cao

Phần 1: Rust Fundamentals

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1. Tại sao Rust?

Tiêu chí	Rust	Go	C++
Memory safety	Compile-time (borrow checker)	GC	Manual
Performance	Ngang C/C++	Tốt (GC pause)	Cao nhất
Concurrency	Fearless concurrency	Goroutines	Threads + locks
Zero-cost abstractions	✅	❌	✅
Null safety	Option<T>	nil	nullptr

2. Cài đặt Rust

# Cài rustup (Rust toolchain manager)
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh

# Verify
rustc --version
cargo --version

# Update
rustup update

# Components hữu ích
rustup component add clippy     # Linter
rustup component add rustfmt    # Formatter

3. Cargo — Package Manager & Build Tool

# Tạo project mới
cargo new my-app
cd my-app

# Cấu trúc project
# my-app/
# ├── Cargo.toml    # Manifest (giống package.json)
# ├── src/
# │   └── main.rs   # Entry point

# Cargo.toml
[package]
name = "my-app"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"

[dependencies]
serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }

4. Hello World

fn main() {
    let name = "Rust";
    println!("Hello, {}!", name);

    // Formatted printing
    println!("Decimal: {}", 42);
    println!("Binary: {:b}", 42);
    println!("Debug: {:?}", vec![1, 2, 3]);
    println!("Pretty: {:#?}", vec![1, 2, 3]);
}

# Build & Run
cargo run

# Build release
cargo build --release

# Check (compile without codegen — nhanh hơn)
cargo check

# Format code
cargo fmt

# Lint
cargo clippy

Bài tiếp theo: Variables, Types & Control Flow.

Bài 1: Giới thiệu Rust - Performance meets Safety

1. Tại sao Rust?

2. Cài đặt Rust

3. Cargo — Package Manager & Build Tool

4. Hello World