Bài 18: Integration Testing — @SpringBootTest & Testcontainers

Spring Boot 4: Từ Cơ bản đến Nâng cao

Phần 5: Testing & Chất lượng Code

xdev.asia

Giới thiệu

Integration tests kiểm tra nhiều components hoạt động cùng nhau với real database, real configuration. Testcontainers cho phép chạy PostgreSQL, Redis, Kafka trong Docker containers tự động, đảm bảo test environment giống production.

---

1. @SpringBootTest

1.1 Full Application Context

@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
class OrderIntegrationTest {

    @Autowired
    private TestRestTemplate restTemplate;

    @Autowired
    private OrderRepository orderRepository;

    @Test
    void shouldCreateAndRetrieveOrder() {
        // Create
        var request = new CreateOrderRequest(/* ... */);
        ResponseEntity<OrderResponse> createResponse = restTemplate
            .postForEntity("/api/v1/orders", request, OrderResponse.class);

        assertThat(createResponse.getStatusCode()).isEqualTo(HttpStatus.CREATED);
        Long orderId = createResponse.getBody().id();

        // Retrieve
        ResponseEntity<OrderResponse> getResponse = restTemplate
            .getForEntity("/api/v1/orders/" + orderId, OrderResponse.class);

        assertThat(getResponse.getStatusCode()).isEqualTo(HttpStatus.OK);
        assertThat(getResponse.getBody().id()).isEqualTo(orderId);
    }
}

---

2. Test Slices — Load chỉ phần cần thiết

2.1 @DataJpaTest — Test Repository Layer

@DataJpaTest
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace = AutoConfigureTestDatabase.Replace.NONE)
class ProductRepositoryTest {

    @Autowired
    private ProductRepository productRepository;

    @Autowired
    private TestEntityManager entityManager;

    @Test
    void shouldFindProductsByCategory() {
        // Given
        Product p1 = Product.builder()
            .name("Spring Boot Book").price(new BigDecimal("450000"))
            .category("Education").build();
        Product p2 = Product.builder()
            .name("Java Mug").price(new BigDecimal("150000"))
            .category("Merchandise").build();
        entityManager.persist(p1);
        entityManager.persist(p2);
        entityManager.flush();

        // When
        List<Product> result = productRepository.findByCategory("Education");

        // Then
        assertThat(result).hasSize(1);
        assertThat(result.getFirst().getName()).isEqualTo("Spring Boot Book");
    }

    @Test
    void shouldSearchByKeyword() {
        entityManager.persist(Product.builder()
            .name("Spring Boot Guide").price(BigDecimal.TEN)
            .category("Book").build());
        entityManager.flush();

        Page<Product> results = productRepository
            .searchByKeyword("spring", Pageable.ofSize(10));

        assertThat(results.getContent()).hasSize(1);
    }
}

2.2 @WebMvcTest — Test Controller Layer

@WebMvcTest(ProductController.class)
class ProductControllerTest {

    @Autowired
    private MockMvc mockMvc;

    @MockitoBean
    private ProductService productService;

    @Test
    void shouldReturnProduct() throws Exception {
        var product = new ProductResponse(1L, "Book", new BigDecimal("450000"));
        when(productService.getProduct(1L)).thenReturn(product);

        mockMvc.perform(get("/api/v1/products/1"))
            .andExpect(status().isOk())
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.name").value("Book"))
            .andExpect(jsonPath("$.price").value(450000));
    }
}

---

3. Testcontainers

3.1 Setup

// build.gradle.kts
testImplementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-testcontainers")
testImplementation("org.testcontainers:postgresql")
testImplementation("org.testcontainers:junit-jupiter")

3.2 PostgreSQL Container

@SpringBootTest
@Testcontainers
class ProductRepositoryIntegrationTest {

    @Container
    @ServiceConnection
    static PostgreSQLContainer<?> postgres =
        new PostgreSQLContainer<>("postgres:17-alpine");

    @Autowired
    private ProductRepository productRepository;

    @Test
    void shouldSaveAndRetrieveProduct() {
        Product product = Product.builder()
            .name("Test Product")
            .price(new BigDecimal("100000"))
            .category("Test")
            .build();

        Product saved = productRepository.save(product);

        assertThat(saved.getId()).isNotNull();
        assertThat(productRepository.findById(saved.getId()))
            .isPresent()
            .hasValueSatisfying(p ->
                assertThat(p.getName()).isEqualTo("Test Product"));
    }
}

3.3 Shared Container Pattern (tối ưu performance)

// Base class cho tất cả integration tests
@SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
@Testcontainers
public abstract class BaseIntegrationTest {

    @Container
    @ServiceConnection
    static final PostgreSQLContainer<?> postgres =
        new PostgreSQLContainer<>("postgres:17-alpine")
            .withDatabaseName("testdb")
            .withUsername("test")
            .withPassword("test");

    @Autowired
    protected TestRestTemplate restTemplate;
}

// Test kế thừa, reuse container
class OrderIntegrationTest extends BaseIntegrationTest {

    @Autowired
    private OrderRepository orderRepository;

    @BeforeEach
    void setUp() {
        orderRepository.deleteAll();
    }

    @Test
    void shouldCreateOrder() {
        // Test with real PostgreSQL
    }
}

3.4 Nhiều containers

@SpringBootTest
@Testcontainers
class FullStackIntegrationTest {

    @Container
    @ServiceConnection
    static final PostgreSQLContainer<?> postgres =
        new PostgreSQLContainer<>("postgres:17-alpine");

    @Container
    @ServiceConnection
    static final GenericContainer<?> redis =
        new GenericContainer<>("redis:7-alpine")
            .withExposedPorts(6379);
}

---

4. Test Data Management

4.1 @Sql — Load test data từ file

@DataJpaTest
@Sql("/test-data/products.sql")
class ProductRepositoryTest {

    @Test
    @Sql(statements = "DELETE FROM products", executionPhase = AFTER_TEST_METHOD)
    void shouldFindAllProducts() {
        List<Product> products = productRepository.findAll();
        assertThat(products).hasSize(5); // Từ products.sql
    }
}

4.2 TestFixtures — Helper methods

public class TestFixtures {

    public static Product aProduct() {
        return Product.builder()
            .name("Test Product")
            .price(new BigDecimal("100000"))
            .category("Test")
            .build();
    }

    public static CreateProductRequest aCreateProductRequest() {
        return new CreateProductRequest("Test Product",
            new BigDecimal("100000"), "Test");
    }
}

---

Tóm tắt

• Test Slices (@DataJpaTest, @WebMvcTest) load chỉ phần cần thiết, chạy nhanh hơn @SpringBootTest
• Testcontainers tự động spin up PostgreSQL, Redis containers — test với real infrastructure
• @ServiceConnection tự động cấu hình connection properties, không cần manual config
• Shared Container Pattern reuse container giữa các test classes, giảm startup time

Bài tập

1. Viết @DataJpaTest cho ProductRepository với Testcontainers PostgreSQL: test save, findAll, custom query methods
2. Tạo BaseIntegrationTest class với shared PostgreSQL container, viết full integration test cho Order CRUD flow
3. Test caching: dùng Testcontainers Redis, verify data được cache và evict đúng