Bài 18: API Gateway — Kong, APISIX & Envoy thực chiến

Thiết kế hệ thống Microservices & Micro Frontend — Từ cơ bản đến Production

Phần 6: API Gateway & BFF Layer

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Giới thiệu

API Gateway là entry point duy nhất cho tất cả API calls từ frontend. Nó xử lý cross-cutting concerns: authentication, rate limiting, routing, monitoring — giúp microservices tập trung vào business logic.

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1. Tại sao cần API Gateway?

1.1 Không có Gateway

❌ Client gọi trực tiếp services:

Frontend ──► User Service    (port 8001)
         ──► Product Service (port 8002)
         ──► Order Service   (port 8003)
         ──► Cart Service    (port 8004)

Vấn đề:
- Frontend phải biết địa chỉ từng service
- Mỗi service tự implement auth, rate limit, CORS
- Không có single point for monitoring/logging
- Service addresses thay đổi → frontend phải update

1.2 Với API Gateway

✅ Single entry point:

Frontend ──► API Gateway (/api/*) ──► User Service
                                  ──► Product Service
                                  ──► Order Service

API Gateway handles:
├── Authentication (JWT verification)
├── Rate Limiting (100 req/min per user)
├── Routing (path-based → service)
├── Load Balancing (round-robin)
├── SSL Termination
├── CORS
├── Request/Response transformation
└── Monitoring & Logging

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2. So sánh API Gateways

Feature	Kong	APISIX	Envoy Gateway	AWS API GW
Core	Nginx/OpenResty	Nginx/etcd	Envoy Proxy	Managed
Performance	High	Very High	Very High	High
Plugins	100+	80+	Via filters	AWS native
K8s native	Kong Ingress	APISIX Ingress	K8s Gateway API	N/A
Config	DB/Declarative	etcd/YAML	K8s CRDs	Console/CF
Dashboard	Kong Manager	Apache Dashboard	N/A	Console
Cost	Open-source	Open-source	Open-source	Pay per request
Best for	General	High-perf, China	K8s native	AWS ecosystem

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3. Kong Configuration

3.1 Declarative Config (kong.yml)

_format_version: "3.0"

services:
  - name: product-service
    url: http://product-svc:8080
    routes:
      - name: product-routes
        paths:
          - /api/v1/products
        strip_path: false
    plugins:
      - name: jwt
      - name: rate-limiting
        config:
          minute: 100
          policy: redis
          redis_host: redis
      - name: cors
        config:
          origins: ["https://app.example.com"]
          methods: ["GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE"]

  - name: order-service
    url: http://order-svc:8080
    routes:
      - name: order-routes
        paths:
          - /api/v1/orders
    plugins:
      - name: jwt
      - name: rate-limiting
        config:
          minute: 50

3.2 Key Plugins

Plugin	Purpose
jwt	Verify JWT tokens
rate-limiting	Rate limit per consumer
cors	CORS headers
request-transformer	Modify request headers/body
response-transformer	Modify response
prometheus	Metrics endpoint
file-log / tcp-log	Logging
ip-restriction	Whitelist/Blacklist IPs

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4. APISIX Configuration

routes:
  - uri: /api/v1/products/*
    upstream:
      type: roundrobin
      nodes:
        "product-svc:8080": 1
    plugins:
      jwt-auth:
        key: "product-key"
      limit-req:
        rate: 100
        burst: 50
        key_type: "var"
        key: "consumer_name"

  - uri: /api/v1/orders/*
    upstream:
      nodes:
        "order-svc:8080": 1
    plugins:
      jwt-auth: {}

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5. Gateway Patterns

5.1 Path-based Routing

/api/v1/products/*  → Product Service
/api/v1/orders/*    → Order Service
/api/v1/users/*     → User Service
/api/v1/cart/*      → Cart Service

5.2 Header-based Routing

X-API-Version: v2 → v2 service
X-Client-Type: mobile → mobile-optimized service

5.3 Canary Routing

95% traffic → Product Service v1 (stable)
5% traffic  → Product Service v2 (canary)

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6. GitOps cho API Gateway

Repository:
├── gateway/
│   ├── kong.yml (declarative config)
│   ├── plugins/
│   └── consumers/
└── .github/workflows/
    └── deploy-gateway.yml

CI/CD:
1. PR: change gateway config
2. Review: team review routing/auth changes
3. Merge: auto-apply via deck sync (Kong)
4. Monitor: check metrics after deploy

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Tóm tắt

• API Gateway = single entry point cho mọi API calls
• Xử lý cross-cutting: auth, rate limiting, routing, monitoring
• Kong: general purpose, mature, plugin-rich
• APISIX: high performance, dynamic plugins via etcd
• Envoy Gateway: K8s Gateway API native
• GitOps: declarative config, version controlled

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Bài tiếp theo: Bài 19: GraphQL Federation — Unified API cho Micro Frontend